It's an interesting idea, and it is technically possible, although a bit clumsy from an interface perspective.
1. Pre-defined filter buttons
It's possible, but I can't simply generate these buttons up front with no idea about the filters required, or what date ranges to assign to the filters. Pre-defined filters could also include lots of non-date related features like type, size, location and so on, so this doesn't seem automatically applicable. We could offer user-defined filters, but they would be global, so it doesn't really make sense if you have multiple folders all with different date ranges.
2. Advanced filter input
One could perhaps implement some basic syntax for the filter input, for example something like date:2021-01-01:2021-09-09
(random example). This would really only be useful for owners who know how the syntax works, as you can't expect random visitors to be able to use this. Also, if first implemented, we would want to handle many more features like iptc, dimensions, type, filesize etc so it would be quite complicated.
3. Advanced filter options popup
Last option, probably most applicable, would be to offer an "Advanced" filter button. Once clicked, it would display advanced filter options in a an overlay, with an "apply" button. Perhaps not optimal, but I can't really see any other way to implement advanced filters in a functional way.
It could easily get complicated, both from the user perspective and the developers perspective.